Fig. 10

Illustrates the application of CRISPR in immuno-oncology. In scenario a, primary T cells extracted and purified from cancer patients can have a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) inserted using CRISPR technology, instead of lentiviral-mediated transduction. CRISPR can also be employed to deactivate immune-checkpoint genes, such as PD-1 and CTLA-4, within these T cells. Alternatively, scenario b involves the isolation and purification of primary T cells from healthy donors not diagnosed with cancer. CRISPR systems are used to introduce a CAR into these cells, and they can also be utilized to inactivate the genes responsible for T cell receptor (TCR) and HLA components. This process generates 'universal' allogeneic CAR T cells, which can be infused into cancer patients. Reprinted from [15] with permission from Springer Nature