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Fig. 2 | Molecular Cancer

Fig. 2

From: Modulation of the tumor microenvironment and mechanism of immunotherapy-based drug resistance in breast cancer

Fig. 2

Role of different CAF subsets in immune tolerance. CAF-S1/FAP+ subset induces immune suppression in tumors by secreting CXCL-12, increasing the recruitment and activation of CD8+ CD25+ T cells into Tregs. CAF-S1 subtype is further classified into TGFβ-CAFs and ECM-CAFs. ECM-CAFs enhance the expression of PD1 and CTLA4 in T cells, increasing the TGFβ-CAFs. This feedback loop induces resistance to immunotherapy. CAF subsets also exclude T cells from entering the cancer cell region by providing a nest around cancer cells, leading to immunotherapy resistance. However, NOX4 inhibition leads to the distribution of T cells into cancer cell region, thereby improving the efficacy of immunotherapy in cancer

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Molecular Cancer

ISSN: 1476-4598