Fig. 4

Reciprocal induction of aging and cancer

The aged organism is particularly propitious for the development of malignancies due to alterations in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the installation of a favorable immune context (inflammation and immunosenescence). Conversely, after their curative treatment cancer survivors face long-term toxicities including accelerated aging. Indeed, in the long run, they have higher probabilities of cancer relapse as well as increased risk of developing a plethora of age-related pathologies. CD: Cluster of differentiation; CSF: colony-stimulating factors; CXCL1: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1; FRP1/2: secreted frizzled-related proteins 1/2; HAPLN1: hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1; ICAM1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; IL: interleukin; irAEs: immune-related adverse events; MDSC: myeloid-derived suppressor cells; MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases; NO: nitric oxide; PA: protease associated domain proteins; PDGF-C: platelet-derived growth factor C; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TCR: T cell receptor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor