Fig. 3

The composition of EVs and their roles in ovarian cancer metastasis. The surface of EVs is composed of a phospholipid bilayer adorned with a variety of membrane proteins, including transmembrane proteins, transporters, antigen-presenting proteins, and receptors. Within these EVs are various bioactive cargos, such as lipids, proteins, DNA, and a range of RNA molecules, both coding and non-coding, like lncRNA, circRNA, and miRNA, all of which are essential for intercellular communication. The transfer of these EV components is crucial in the metastatic process of ovarian cancer, where they enhance the dissemination potential of primary tumor cells, support the formation of PMN, and orchestrate multiple pathophysiological processes such as immune regulation, angiogenesis, and EMT