Fig. 3
From: Spatiotemporal metabolomic approaches to the cancer-immunity panorama: a methodological perspective
Spatial measurements of cancer immunometabolism. a Spatial metabolomic workflow includes the following steps: (1) Utilizing samples such as FFPEs and fresh-frozen sections for spatial metabolomics. (2) Preprocessed samples can undergo ionization using MALDI, DESI, and SIMS techniques, followed by MSI analysis with TOF, OT, or FTICR. (3) Quantification of metabolite abundance levels and mapping to their respective spatial locations. b Spatial metabolic regulomic workflow: (1) Both FFPEs and fresh-frozen sections are suitable for iST and sST workflows. The raw data should be combined with scRNA-seq data and then modeled to extract immunometabolic signatures. (2) Fresh tissues are suitable for proteome-level spatial analysis. Key immune and metabolic markers can be labeled with fluorescein or heavy metal-coupled antibodies and analyzed using multiplexed fluorescence or MS imaging. CODEX, co-detection by indexing; CyCIF, cyclic immunofluorescence; DESI, desorption electrospray ionization; FFPE, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded section; FTICR, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance; iST, imaging-based spatial transcriptomics; MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization; MERFISH, multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization; MIBI-ToF, multiplexed ion beam imaging by time of flight; MS, mass spectrometry; MSI, mass spectrometry imaging; OT, Orbitrap; scRNA-seq, single-cell transcriptome sequencing; SIMS, secondary ion mass spectrometry; sST, sequencing-based spatial transcriptomics; TOF, time-of-flight