Fig. 4

In vivo measurements of cancer immunometabolism. a Single living cells can be continuously and non-destructively sampled by patch clamps, FluidFM, and microprobes. These time-serial samples can then be input into specialized RNA-seq workflows (e.g., patch-seq, live-seq) or metabolomics workflows for real-time analysis. b Imaging-based strategies for immunometabolic measurement encompass a variety of approaches. First, single-modal imaging methods such as CT, MRI, and ultrasound offer insights into morphological features, serving as indirect parameters for immunometabolic modeling. Second, PET-based imaging systems like PET-CT and PET-MRI provide multiplexed immunometabolic information through specific immunoPET panels. These data can be directly input for ML modeling, facilitating personalized clinical decision-making. CT, Computed Tomography; FluidFM, Fluidic Force Microscopy; immunoPET, immuno-positron emission tomography; ML, machine learning; MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging; MS, mass spectrometry; PET, Positron Emission Tomography; RNA-seq, RNA sequencing; scRNA-seq, single-cell RNA sequencing