Crosstalk of pyroptosis and cytokine in the tumor microenvironment: from mechanisms to clinical implication

Table 2 Different types of cytokines in tumor microenvironment

Category	Represent cytokines	Participated Pathways	Macroscopic effect	Microscopic effect	Reference
Pro-inflammatory Cytokines	IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α	NF-κB pathway, MAPK pathway	Fever, systemic inflammation, pain, acute phase response	Immune cells recruitment, increased vascular permeability	[45]
Anti-inflammatory Cytokines	IL-10, TGF-β	JAK-STAT pathway, TGF-β/Smad pathway	Reduced inflammation and immune response, tumor growth promotion	Inhibition of immune cells, Promotion of Treg differentiation	[38, 39, 94]
Growth Factors	VEGF, EGF	PI3K/AKT pathway, MAPK/ERK pathway	Tumor angiogenesis and enhanced tumor growth	Endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis	[21, 103]
Chemokines	CXCL12, CCL2	GPCR signaling pathway	Immune cell recruitment, metastasis facilitation	Chemotaxis of leukocytes, increased cell migration gradients	[10, 161]
IFNs	IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ	JAK-STAT pathway	Antitumor immune response, inhibited tumor cell proliferation	NK cells activation, upregulation of MHC molecules	[10, 50, 119]
CSFs	G-CSF, GM-CSF	JAK-STAT pathway, PI3K/AKT pathway	Enhanced immune recovery and white blood cell production	Stem cells proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes	[37]
TGF	TGF-β	TGF-β/Smad pathway, PI3K/AKT pathway	Tumor progression and immune suppression	Induction of EMT and inhibition of cytotoxic T cells	[146]
TNF Family	TNF-α, FasL	NF-κB pathway, MAPK pathway, Death	Increased inflammation and tumor cell death	Induction of apoptosis and inflammatory activation	[91, 93]

Abbreviations: DNF-κB Nuclear factor kappa B, MAPK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, JAK-STAT Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, TGF-β/Smad Transforming Growth Factor Beta/ SMA and MAD-related protein, PI3K/AKT Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/ Protein Kinase B, MAPK/ERK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/ Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase, GPCR G Protein-Coupled Receptor, IFNs type I interferons, CSFs colony-stimulating factors, TNF tumor necrosis factor, IL-1β Interleukin-1 beta, IL-6 Interleukin 6, TNF-α Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, IL-10 Interleukin-10, VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, EGF Epidermal Growth Factor, CXCL12 C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12, CCL2 C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2, IFN-α Interferon Alpha, IFN-β Interferon Beta, IFN-γ Interferon Gamma, G-CSF Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, GM-CSF Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, FasL Fas Ligand, MHC Major Histocompatibility Complex, EMT Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

ISSN: 1476-4598