Fig. 4

Single-cell analyses of splenocytes from mice immunized with LNP-M/pSpike. Mice were immunized three times using LNP/DNA, LNP/mRNA, or EP/DNA at 2-week intervals, and splenocytes were taken two weeks after the last dose for FACS and scRNA-seq analyses. A FACS of immune cell subtypes. B UMAP of CD45⁺ immune cells. C Bar graphs showing the percentages of immune cell subtypes. D Scatter plots compared the outgoing and incoming interaction strengths in a 2D space between the LNP-M/pSpike group and other groups. E Analysis of total TCR clonotype abundance by sample and type using the abundance contig function. F Assessment of CDR3 peptide length by sample using the length contig function. G Clonal homeostatic space representations, showing the relative proportional space occupied by specific clonotypes of TCR amino acid across different vaccine groups. H Box plot showing clonotype diversity of VDJC genes. Clonotype diversity was calculated as the Shannon index, inverse Simpson index, or Chao index within T cells. I BCR clonotype abundance in various vaccine groups. J CDR3 peptide length. K Relative proportional space occupied by specific clonotypes of BCR amino acids. L clonotype diversity of IG genes. Data were represented as means ± SD. Statistical significance was set at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001; ns, not significant