Fig. 3
From: The micro(nano)plastics perspective: exploring cancer development and therapy
Micro(nano)plastics-induced ROS regulate multiple signaling pathways. The induction of ROS by MPs/NPs leads to the regulation of various signaling cascades critical to the normal physiological functions of cells. These include the MAPK signaling pathways (JNK, p38 kinase, and ERK1/2), the Nrf2 pathway, the PI3K/Akt pathway, as well as the TGF-β and NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD pathways. Abnormal activation or inhibition of these pathways may lead to cancerous transformation of normal cells. Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs)