Table 1 Clinical trials targeting the tumor–nerve axis
From: Hijacking of the nervous system in cancer: mechanism and therapeutic targets
Cancer | Therapy | Target | Phase | Primary Outcome Measures | Status | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primary Colon and Rectal Cancer | Propranolol and Etodolac | β-adrenergic Blocker and COX-2 Inhibitor | Phase 2 | 5-year disease-free-survival | ongoing | Reduce systemic inflammation and the biomarkers related to tumor metastasis | NCT03919461 |
colorectal cancer | Propranolol and Etodolac | β-adrenergic Blocker and COX-2 Inhibitor | Phase 3 | 3-year reccurence and metastasis | completed | No significant difference | NCT00888797 |
Pancreatic Cancer | Propranolol and Etodolac | β-adrenergic Blocker and COX-2 Inhibitor | Phase 2 | Rate of cancer recurrence | ongoing | Reduced metastatic potential | NCT03838029 |
Spinal Hemangioma | Atenolol and Propranolol | β-adrenergic Blocker | Phase 4 | 3-month and 6-month reducing tumor growth | ongoing | Not reported | NCT05106179 |
Prostate cancer | Carvedilol | β-adrenergic Blocker | Phase 2 | The change of the biomarkers | ongoing | Nerve infiltration is associated with a poorer prognosis | NCT02944201 |
Melanoma | Pembrolizumab and Propranolol Hydrochloride | β-adrenergic Blocker | Phase 1 Phase 2 | Effective rate of immune-related response | ongoing | Not reported | NCT03384836 |
Multiple Myeloma | Propranolol | β-adrenergic Blocker | Not Applicable | Changes in immune cell subsets | ongoing | Not reported | NCT05312255 |
Breast Cancer | Propranolol and chemotherapy | β-adrenergic Blocker | Phase 2 | Compliance | completed | The compliance and target measurement of propranolol were obtained | NCT01847001 |
Schwannomatosis | Tanezumab | Antibody against NGF | Phase 3 | Change in pain | ongoing | not reported | NCT03992170 |
Glioma | Perampanel | AMPAR inhibitor | Phase 4 | Proportion of patients with seizures reduced by 50% or more | completed | No data displayed | NCT02363933 |
High Grade Glioma | Perampanel | AMPAR inhibitor | Phase 1 Phase 2 | Peritumoral HFO Rate | completed | No significant remission of peritumoral hyperexcitability | NCT04497142 |
Prostate cancer | Amantadine | NMDAR antagonist | Phase 1 Phase 2 | The degree of pain relief | Unknown | Not reported | NCT00188383 |
Glioblastoma | Combination Drug Therapy | combination drugs Including NMDAR inhibitor | Phase 1 | 1-year tumor remission | completed | Not reported | NCT02654964 |
Glioblastoma | ONC201 | DRD2/3 inhibitor | Phase 2 | Objective response rate | ongoing | Not reported | NCT04629209 |
Glioma | ONC201 | DRD2/3 inhibitor | Phase 2 | Overall response rate | ongoing | Not reported | NCT03295396 |
Recurrent Diffuse Midline Gliomas | ONC206 | DRD2 inhibitor | Phase 1 | Dose-limiting toxicity | ongoing | Not reported | NCT04732065 |
Gliomas | ONC201 | DRD2/3 inhibitor | Phase 1 | Determination of recommended Phase 2 dose | ongoing | Not reported | NCT03416530 |