Fig. 4
From: 3D tumor cultures for drug resistance and screening development in clinical applications
.A proposed workflow for applying 3D culture technology and organoids in the study of drug resistance and screening. The TME encompasses the ECM, cancer cells, drug-resistant cancer cells, CAFs, immune cells, and cellular debris, including damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The 3D culture technology and organoids are employed to replicate the heterogeneity of the TME, enabling the exploration of drug pharmacology, mechanisms, safety, toxicity, as well as drug testing and screening. Patient-derived tissues are utilized to culture organoids for assessing drug safety and toxicity, providing valuable insights to guide clinical therapy