Table 2 Different types of RNA contained in EVs
From: Extracellular vesicles in cancer´s communication: messages we can read and how to answer
messenger RNA (mRNA) • full-length (up to 5000 bp) or fragments (250-700 nt) o fragments: either stable products of degradation of full-length mRNA (disposal via EVs) or isolated 3’UTRs (molecular ‘sponge’ for regulatory miRNA and translation factors, regulates gene expression via EVs) [36] circular RNA (circRNA) • single-stranded, highly stable, both in linear and circular form o ‘sponges’ for miRNA and proteins o scaffolds for transport of miRNA or proteins o may play a vital role in the development of diseases [36, 37] micro RNA (miRNA) • ~ 22nt, single-stranded o regulate mRNA expression, usually through interaction with 3’UTRs => translational repression or degradation o most studied RNA cargo in EVs (up to 30 % of total reads in small RNA sequencing) o disease biomarkers, RNA-mediated therapies [38,39,40] transfer RNA (tRNA) • full-length or fragments o seems to act as a regulatory molecule in various cellular processes (cell-to-cell communication, inhibition of translation, stress response, gene expression…) [41] ribosomal RNA (rRNA) o function in EVs not well understood [42] long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) • > 200 nt, not translated into protein o function in EVs not well understood [36] small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) • not translated into protein, guides chemical modification of other RNAs o function in EVs not well understood [43] piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) • silencing of the transposable elements o function in EVs not well understood [44] Y RNA • small non-coding RNA, involved in cellular processes (DNA replication, transcription, translation) o function in EVs not well understood [45] vault RNA (vtRNA) • forms a complex with proteins to create vault particles (found in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells) o function in EVs not well understood [46] |